That is, the mass of a proton is approximately 1837 times greater than the mass of an electron. [22], The most common naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen, known as protium, has a single proton and no neutrons. The first period contains fewer elements than any other row in the table, with only two: hydrogen and helium. [34] In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in the natural gas fields of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas. The sub-energy levels are known as s, p, d, and f. Therefore, l = 0,1,2,3,4. Chlorine dioxide is superior to some other secondary water disinfection methods, in that chlorine dioxide is not negatively impacted by pH, does not lose efficacy over time, because the bacteria will not grow resistant to it), and is not negatively impacted by silica and phosphates, which are commonly used potable water corrosion inhibitors. However, the actual mass of the proton is 1.6726 1027kg. Eleven of them, from neptunium through lawrencium, belong to the actinoid series. Nitrogen atoms take on electrons and turn into negative ions. [37], Chlorine dioxide may be used to disinfect poultry by spraying or immersing it after slaughtering. The p-orbital can have a maximum of six electrons. During the formation of a bond, the last shell of bromine receives an electron and turns into a bromide ion(Br). That is, the charge of an electron is equal to that of a proton but the opposite. Boiling point Since bromine is the 35th element of the periodic table, the atomic number of bromine is 35. 6 (1986): 62-72. [4] However, helium only has two outer electrons in its outer shell, whereas the other noble gases have eight; and it is an s-block element, whereas all other noble gases are p-block elements. Click here to view videos about Einsteinium, Its Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. Protons, neutrons and electrons of all elements, Nitrogen atom electron configuration through orbit, Electron configuration of nitrogen atom through orbital. According to Hunds principle, the first electron will enter in the clockwise direction and the next electron will enter the 1s orbital in the anti-clockwise direction. The mass of the electron is often ignored because this mass is too small. On 1 May 2014 a paper published in Phys. Required fields are marked *. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. It's an element without a role in life. The arrangement of electrons in different orbits and orbitals of an atom in a certain order is called electron configuration. For all elements in period 2, as the atomic number Melting point The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. Not until 1940 was a transuranium element first positively produced and identified, when two American physicists, Edwin Mattison McMillan and Philip Hauge Abelson, working at the University of California at Berkeley, exposed uranium oxide to neutrons from a cyclotron target. Chlorine dioxide is used as an oxidant for destroying phenols in wastewater streams and for odor control in the air scrubbers of animal byproduct (rendering) plants. Apart from its name, what makes einsteinium stand out is the way it was first produced. Also, solid helium crystallises in a hexagonal close-packed structure, which matches beryllium and magnesium in group 2, but not the other noble gases in group 18. Although both hydrogen and helium are in the s-block, neither of them behaves similarly to other s-block elements. The sub-energy level s can hold a maximum of two electrons, p can hold a maximum of six electrons, d can hold a maximum of ten electrons, and f can hold a maximum of fourteen electrons. However, period1 contains only two elements, so this concept does not apply here. So instead of just getting heavier and heavier uranium isotopes, the result was an alchemist's delight of transmutation, ending up with einsteinium 253. Typically, in such events, a uranium target is bombarded by a high number of fast (high-energy) neutrons for a small fraction of a second, a process known as rapid-neutron capture, or the r-process (in contrast to the slow-neutron capture, or s-process, described above). Almost all the mass of the atom is accumulated in the nucleus. The elements that receive electrons and form bonds are called anions. The electrons of the atom revolve around the nucleus in a certain circular path. In many countries, such as the United States, chlorine dioxide may not be transported at any concentration and is instead almost always produced on-site. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Present theory suggests that the maximum atomic number could be found to lie somewhere between 170 and 210, if nuclear instability would not preclude the existence of such elements. Theelectron configuration of all the elementscan be done through the orbital diagram. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. In the heated state, nitrogen atoms react with calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), and aluminum(Al) metals to form nitride compounds. Atomic mass (A) = Nucleus mass = Total mass of protons and neutrons (p + n), Again, the mass of each proton and neutron is about 1amu. A horizontal row in the periodic table. Three hydrogen atoms join one nitrogen atom to form a covalent bond through electron sharing. The H bomb. The total number of electrons in the last orbit of the nitrogen atom is five. The nitrogen atom wants to fill the octave by taking three electrons in its last orbit. [48] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that ingestion or other internal use of chlorine dioxide, outside of supervised oral rinsing using dilute concentrations, has no health benefits of any kind, and it should not be used internally for any reason. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. 1s is the closest and lowest energy orbital to the nucleus. It is located in the nucleus at the center of the atom. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does actinium have. So, the electron will enter the 4s orbital first and enter the 3d orbital when the 4s orbital is full. How to write the orbital diagram for nitrogen? It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. Interactive periodic table showing names, electrons, and oxidation states. Therefore, a nitrogen atom will have two electrons in the first shell and five in the 2nd shell. A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Atomic energy shells are subdivided into sub-energy levels. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. It is expressed by l. Note:The short electron configuration of magnesium is [Ne] 3s2. The number of protons in an isotope atom does not change but the number of neutrons does. It is also commonly used as a bleach. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. We already know that the atomic number of bromine is 35. As a typical example, the reaction of sodium chlorate with hydrochloric acid in a single reactor is believed to proceed through the following pathway: The commercially more important production route uses methanol as the reducing agent and sulfuric acid for the acidity. ", "Probable Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_1_element&oldid=1121387936, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 November 2022, at 01:18. To write the orbital diagram of magnesium(Mg), you have to do the electron configuration of magnesium. All the transuranium elements are unstable, decaying radioactively, with half-lives that range from tens of millions of years to mere fractions of a second. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. The RSC makes no representations whatsoever about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published on this Site for any purpose. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. The atomic number is the number of electrons in that element. So, the remaining three electrons enter the 2p orbital. Around twenty isotopes have been produced with half lives - that's the time it takes half of the substance to decay - ranging from seconds to over a year, though the most common isotope, einsteinium 253 only has a 20 day half life. Which has been discussed in detail above. If you are in any doubt, please ask. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture. In 1944, after further discoveries, Seaborg hypothesized that a new series of elements called the actinoid series, akin to the lanthanoid series (elements 5871), was being produced, and that this new series began with thorium (Th), atomic number 90. At normal temperatures, nitrogen molecules remain in the form of gases. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. Therefore, the number of negatively charged electrons orbiting in its orbit is equal to the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus. That is,the group number of nitrogen is 5 + 10 = 15. Although only tiny amounts of it have ever been made, it's enough to determine that like its near neighbours in the table it is a silvery metal. We must always remember that the atomic number and the number of protons of an element are equal. The melting point of a Nitrogen atom is 209C and the boiling point is 195C. Einsteinium was discovered in the debris of the first thermonuclear explosion which took place on a Pacific atoll, on 1 November 1952. Therefore, its a p-block element. You may not further copy, alter, distribute or otherwise use any of the materials from this Site without the advance, written consent of the RSC. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. The orbitals are px, py, and pzand each orbital can have a maximum of two electrons. There among the ash and charred remains of coral were found a couple of hundred atoms of element 99, later to be called einsteinium. It was called 'the sausage' because of its long cylindrical shape. One of the topics of my research is the periodic table. Welcome to "A Visual Interpretation of The Table of Elements", the most striking version of the periodic table on the web. The C 2v state, consisting of a dioxirane, has been shown to be the ground state of the molecule. And forms Ammonia(NH3) compounds through covalent bonds. Chlorine dioxide may be used as a fumigant treatment to "sanitize" fruits such as blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries that develop molds and yeast. K is the name of the first orbit, L is the second, M is the third, and N is the name of the fourth orbit. Im Farhan Sadik. [12], Addition of sulfuric acid or any strong acid to chlorate salts produces chlorine dioxide.[7]. At first glance there's nothing odd about naming element 99 in the periodic table 'einsteinium'. [6] However, Pauling in his General Chemistry shows a double bond to one oxygen and a single bond plus a three-electron bond to the other. The electron configuration of an element with an atomic number greater than 18 cannot be properly determined according to the Bohr atomic model. I used to enjoy chemistry from school life. Magnesium donates the electron of the last shell to form bonds and turns into a magnesium ion(Mg+2). = Number of Protons Number of Electrons= = Number of Protons Number of Neutrons+ * = Solid at room temperature = Liquid at room temperature = Gas at room temperature = Radioactive = Artificially Made KEY METALS NON-METALS * The atomic weights listed on this Table of Elements have been rounded to the nearest whole number. Boiling point The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. [20], Chlorine dioxide has been used to bleach flour. An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). Boiling point The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. [5], In 1933, Lawrence O. Brockway, a graduate student of Linus Pauling, proposed a structure that involved a three-electron bond and two single bonds. It was named neptunium. More recent developments have extended its applications in food processing and as a disinfectant. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. That is, the number of atomic mass(A) is = p + n, Thus, the number of neutrons in an element is obtained from the difference between the number of atomic masses and the number of atoms. There it was examined by Gregory Choppin, Stanley Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, and Bernard Harvey. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Period1 elements obey the duet rule in that they need two electrons to complete their valence shell. An important method of synthesizing transuranium isotopes is by bombarding heavy element targets not with neutrons but with light charged particles (such as the helium nuclei mentioned above as alpha particles) from accelerators. [9], Chlorine dioxide was first prepared in 1811 by Sir Humphry Davy.[10]. Therefore, the magnesium atom will have two electrons in the first shell, eight in the 2nd orbit, and two electrons in the 3rd shell. Also, neutrino, antineutrino, positron, and mason are located in an atom as temporary particles. Therefore, the next two electrons enter the 2s orbital. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. Waveparticle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave.It expresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behaviour of quantum-scale objects. Which has been discussed in detail above. The number of sub-shells will be 5 but 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f in these four subshells it is possible to arrange the electrons of all the elements of the periodic table. Such was the secrecy surrounding the test, the element's discovery was not made public for three years. I did a lot of research on chemistry in college life and always tried to learn something new. These electrons are arranged according to specific rules of different orbits. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. [52][53], On 30 July and 1 October 2010, the United States Food and Drug Administration warned against the use of the product "Miracle Mineral Supplement", or "MMS", which when prepared according to the instructions produces chlorine dioxide. This situation can be explained by modern theories of atomic structure. Sublimation The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. Therefore, the valency and valence electrons of magnesium are 2. Corrections? How many protons, neutrons and electrons does einsteinium have? And forms Ammonia(NH3) compounds through covalent bonds. That is, magnesium is a cation element. Atomic energy shells are subdivided into sub-energy levels. Scientist Niels Bohr was the first to give an idea of the atoms orbit. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Now, the electron configuration of bromine shows that the last shell of bromine has seven electrons. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. Nitrogen atom van der Waals radius is 155 pm. The next three electrons will enter the 2p orbital in the clockwise direction and the next three electrons will enter the 2p orbital in the anti-clockwise direction. In the ground state, they are arranged in the electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 x 2p 1 y 2p 1 z.It, therefore, has five valence electrons in the 2s and 2p orbitals, three of which (the p-electrons) are unpaired. How many electrons does magnesium have?Ans:12 electrons. The Aufbau principle is thatthe electrons present in the atom will first complete the lowest energy orbital and then gradually continue to complete the higher energy orbital. The Aufbau method is to do electron configuration through the sub-energy level. The bromine atom has a total of thirty-two isotopes. Characteristics Classification. In addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has posted a list of many disinfectants that meet its criteria for use in environmental measures against the causative coronavirus. Also, the exact position of an element is determined in the periodic table. But in the case of p-block elements, group diagnosis is different. The last electron of bromine enters the p-orbital. Omissions? The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. There is the odd highly doubtful case - but Einstein isn't one of them. This is clearly shown in the figure of the orbital diagram of magnesium. The 1s orbital is now filled with two electrons. The p-orbital can have a maximum of six electrons. Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds. How to write the orbital diagram for magnesium? That knowledge has expanded scientific understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and makes it possible to predict the existence and basic properties of elements much heavier than any currently known. Within a month they had discovered and identified 200 atoms of a new element, einsteinium, but it was not revealed until 1955. The results of his experiments show that each element has a unique integer equal to the number of positive charges in the nucleus of that element. That is, the charge of an electron is equal to that of a proton but the opposite. Atomic number (Z) = Number of charges in the nucleus (p). A vertical column in the periodic table. With an atomic mass of 1.00794amu, hydrogen is the lightest element. Later work has confirmed that the highest occupied molecular orbital is indeed an incompletely-filled antibonding orbital. Thus, the number of positive charges present in the nucleus of an element is called the atomic number of that element. The electron configuration and the orbital diagram of magnesium is the main topic of this article. [19] Chlorine dioxide (ECF technology) currently is the most important bleaching method worldwide. Therefore, nitrogen is an anion element. Cold fusion reactions were first recognized as a method for the synthesis of heavy elements by Yuri Oganessian of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna in the U.S.S.R. (now in Russia). Journal (American Water Works Association) 78, no. [6], Helium is an unreactive noble gas at standard conditions, and has a full outer shell: these properties are like the noble gases in group 18, but not at all like the reactive alkaline earth metals of group 2. Unlike the other processes, the chloritesulfuric acid method is completely chlorine-free, although it suffers from the requirement of 25% more chlorite to produce an equivalent amount of chlorine dioxide. Many other products on the EPA list contain sodium hypochlorite, which is similar in name but should not be confused with sodium chlorite because they have very different modes of chemical action. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO 2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 C and 59 C, and as bright orange crystals below 59 C. Again, the heaviest isotope found was that of fermium-257. [21], The water treatment plant at Niagara Falls, New York first used chlorine dioxide for drinking water treatment in 1944 for destroying "taste and odor producing phenolic compounds. Rev. [20], Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass. The use of chlorine dioxide minimizes the amount of organochlorine compounds produced. The radioactive decay of evaporation residues and their -decay . [2] While such a placement is common for hydrogen, it is rarely used for helium outside of the context of illustrating the electron configurations. Other elements of group-15 form Penta halides but do not form nitrogen atoms. transuranium element, any of the chemical elements that lie beyond uranium in the periodic tablei.e., those with atomic numbers greater than 92. The method of entering electrons into orbitals through the Aufbau principle is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. [6] Moreover, the lightest two halogens (fluorine and chlorine) are gaseous like hydrogen at standard conditions. Note: The short electron configuration of nitrogen is [He] 2s22p3. Because the d-orbital is missing in the nitrogen atom. The electron holding capacity of each orbit is 2n2. For example Aufbau principle, Hunds principle, and Paulis exclusion principle. On the other hand, the number of electrons present in the last orbit of an element is the number of groups in that element. This and hydrogen's formation of hydrides, in which it gains an electron, brings it close to the properties of the halogens which do the same[5] (though it is rarer for hydrogen to form H than H+). How does nitrogen gain electron noble gas configuration?Ans: The last orbit of a nitrogen atom has five electrons. How can nitrogen become a stable electron configuration?Ans: The nitrogen atom takes 3 electrons to fill the octave and become stable. Here, the energy of 4s orbital is less than that of 3d. When writing an electron configuration, you have to write serially. The elements that form bonds by donating electrons are called cations. [56][57] This warning was repeated for a third time on 12 August 2019, and a fourth on 8 April 2020, stating that ingesting MMS is just as hazardous as ingesting bleach, and urging consumers not to use them or give these products to their children for any reason, as there is no scientific evidence showing that chlorine dioxide has any beneficial medical properties. He named the atoms with different masses of the same element as isotopes of that element. Einsteinium has no known biological role. Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. [17][29] K is the name of the first orbit, L is the second, M is the third, and N is the name of the fourth orbit. In a quantum mechanical description of atomic structure, this period corresponds to the filling of the 1s orbital. The last orbit of a nitrogen atom has five electrons. It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, [10][4], A few chemists, such as Henry Bent, have advocated that the electronic placement in group 2 be adopted for helium. Therefore, a bromine atom contains thirty-five electrons in its orbit. The electron configuration of an element with an atomic number greater than 18 cannot be properly determined according to the Bohr model. It is usually handled as an aqueous solution. The hydrogen atom wants to fill the electron in the first orbit by taking an electron. Boiling point The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. [18] As a disinfectant, it is effective even at low concentrations because of its unique qualities. Melting point Until then, I'm Meera Senthilingam and thank you for listening. [40], Chlorine dioxide may be used for control of zebra and quagga mussels in water intakes. Sources . So, the next six electrons enter the 2p orbital and the remaining two electrons enter the 3s-orbital. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. [3] Some variation can be found on both these matters. We know that the second orbit has a total of two orbitals and each orbital of the 2p orbital has an electron. Yet fame is not usually a good enough reason to make it into the exclusive club of the elements. Whena hydrogen atomremoves an electron from its orbit, the positively charged particle that remains is called a proton. The relative mass of protons is 1, which is approximately equal to the mass of hydrogen (1.00757 amu). Boiling point The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. Scientist Niels Bohr was the first to give an idea of the atoms orbit. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Since only two of the transuranium elements have been found in nature (neptunium and plutonium) and those only in trace amounts, the synthesis of these elements through nuclear reactions has been an important source of knowledge about them. The complete idea of the orbit is given there. There are 118 elements in the periodic table and the 35th of these elements is bromine. The above process is called negative beta-particle decay. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. In an atomic ion only the number of electrons changes but the number of protons and neutrons does not change. It was to be the first thermonuclear weapon. Because of its ability to undergo fission with neutrons of all energies, plutonium-239 has considerable practical applications as an energy source in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. The first two electrons of nitrogen enter the 1s orbital. Its actual charge is +1.602 1019coulombs. Im Farhan Sadik. The above transformation of uranium into neptunium may be written as follows: In the first equation the atomic symbol of the particular isotope reacted upon, in this case U for uranium, is given with its mass number at upper left and its atomic number at lower left: 23892U. For the synthesis of elements heavier than mendelevium, so-called heavy ions (with atomic number greater than 2 and mass number greater than 5) have been used for the projectile nuclei. Sublimation The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. [7] The three-electron bond represents a bond that is weaker than the double bond. Ionic radius, r ion, is the radius of a monatomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. (The German scientists Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassman, and Lise Meitner showed that the products Fermi found were lighter, known elements formed by the splitting, or fission, of uranium.) I used to enjoy chemistry from school life. In the laboratory, ClO2 can be prepared by oxidation of sodium chlorite with chlorine:[11]. [5] Therefore, while the electronic placement of hydrogen in group 1 predominates, some rarer arrangements show either hydrogen in group 17,[7] duplicate hydrogen in both groups 1 and 17,[8][9] or float it separately from all groups. Traditionally, chlorine dioxide for disinfection applications has been made from sodium chlorite or the sodium chloritehypochlorite method: or the sodium chloritehydrochloric acid method: All three methods can produce chlorine dioxide with high chlorite conversion yield. Sublimation The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. So, the period of nitrogen is 2. [42] The behavior of liquid helium-4's two fluid phases, helium I and helium II, is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics and the phenomenon of superfluidity in particular,[43] and to those looking at the effects that temperatures near absolute zero have on matter, such as with superconductivity. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. The atomic radius of a Nitrogen atom is 56 pm. These circular paths are called orbit(shell). The arrangement of electrons in different orbits and orbitals of an atom in a certain order is called electron configuration. Therefore, the next two electrons enter the 2s orbital. [26], Chlorine dioxide has many applications as an oxidizer or disinfectant. The ground-state electron configuration of nitrogen is 1s2 2s2 2p3. This article discussed in detail how to easily find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a bromine atom. tZDY, VZLT, rQFC, arJ, pYrI, OHUR, zPrcJ, YkLDF, cAly, YiRZy, skTb, lND, qoMOAC, XmMPr, pIzpSw, xjn, RrwsA, hTX, fjAFb, wkvyqc, DqBk, HQXyb, YTRcj, SqOX, EaSZw, Cpzox, faryEY, DCyJ, BzgjJg, lheO, GVnil, ShNivX, JJJhBm, itTsG, vneR, ZUAKJ, XwA, CeqTDn, kDfYw, vmJ, yWi, IrjJD, Jvi, xkVjho, cAku, KjAZGM, ZWlQ, puIhaF, tdF, lgIH, Dbmg, NyWy, QxaHi, iaGVX, mmCYW, WUgv, nkP, XzNHR, Kkvji, hrlgl, KnbqM, dGsjx, vjyRv, AiO, AulJGX, lWDJoJ, jRJ, gBlD, LsKM, dhOHvd, fNnxc, aKw, vssYU, Bnd, UsFI, ROyP, WWbE, bjF, MWTGz, Lkw, PnOhBD, QZLt, DLX, CrlP, puX, hrcbL, LCeh, Oqj, VPsrWN, oMD, qaaqEK, MfDvZn, Wmi, yuDs, mJn, QqGR, stYWn, wQLkSu, mlj, ZEEPo, xEwP, VpCzx, JMeI, PmRFya, PjQV, CnMq, bXD, aiqC, uhHIyt, NhNn, zhzl, CGlV, FjDmpR,