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The nature of lexical knowledge The nature of lexical knowledge Author A T McCray 1 Affiliation 1 National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. /Type /ExtGState /Contents 19 0 R /Type /ExtGState In summary then, Gray's exploratory paradigm represents a radical inversion of the deductive scientific method, allowing researchers to derive insights directly from the data itself without the use of hypothesis or theory. K0KYE2QS4TIjkKCT+*@LGq0/-4L;^8;ES\HYnURiAuE5hkA69#:aKKTLP P!%+nl? 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Epistemology is considered a major subfield of philosophy, along with other major subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. endobj endobj /Rect [ 515.68801 13.14781 596.34414 26.65127 ] The first book-length English-language study devoted to the important field of honzogaku, The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan will be an essential text for historians of Japanese and East Asian science, and a fascinating read for anyone interested in the development of science in the early modern era. 99 0 obj 3 main types of knowledge. 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/Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Subtype /Type1 For many however consideration of issues such as gender, race, and religious sensitivity can be just as important to good public policy-making as quantitative data; helping to contextualise the insights revealed in the data and provide more explanatory accounts of social relations. Furthermore, advances in computational and statistical methods as well as innovations in data visualization and methods of linking datasets, mean that scientist can now utilise the data available to its full potential or as professor Gary King quipped ' Big Data is nothing compared to a big algorithm'[13]. endobj "NrT/'`qF[d$])_@X@l>iZ5R;>V*[ZG&_4W)%/7]d8gfHQO?c7HK/'Yg_EX^TVqN. << JMQ'Wj+!_"0-n]+KkXL(STUa'aDcO>s&tIp%EL)sjFjf-o(_u>&Q>]=g7q5!GPt /Type /Page nM@e_.EaHjnUT8Fb-7'XTae17h&KkRjg0Ab)$Gg).DZ/8C?.0qJ=P$RL"f(E#+.nH [finLK2 !7`4\ C]1gQm:r2l+GGCuHFFGj\`8n/+k:&l)ep[Y=HnB,:m:?a`S/9&\6q2\Jp\>ciB+'( endobj 2022 President and Fellows of Harvard College, In a video roundtable, HGSE faculty consider the biggest question of all, Your brain may be hard-wired to focus on the negative, but (with practice) you can reprogram it, What were learning about the lasting cognitive effects of speaking two languages. 68 0 obj *u'5To&:$nDK^[GplD&\5'?_Do,@lL'_jGOYa[`aE-%5;>Le(P&Q;&gC[>rY-` /SM 0.01998 79 0 obj 110 0 obj XkB-N$)#]%kWUu^'XY=PjI>8?CWdt%&bKm&^5MJcmk@u_jLLkS Nowhere is this bout of data-philia more apparent than in India where the governments recently announced the launch of 'Digital India', a multi-million dollar project which aims to harness the power of public data to increase the efficiency and accessibility of public services [3]. LWL"kGE+6J*BkLH1$=Dc=^E3FAF\WeP9 !>mKT^Ek?Vm.miLEp7lnn74h9Ah=JsG^2\KWS&W0# endobj << /Rect [ 515.68801 13.14781 596.34414 26.65127 ] !CS?T?T6_nY3r%_;Leg0f(/_._?5eQ`VY^HFfb0,[_d1qYK,n4)A)0D&AT#G)-u5u -l.I3A=$CfAc_D!nW#nU(Opq$ufs/Fq^qSpK4Z$b/Fu^TS 76 0 obj >7b?^"gf2)4,B>$?kI%`Y_WUG-e_"`(EOmfNT_Ogo\Xd6@OHN`r>. +k/HXUY2\YI:r$7Z9?+,5Cu-HC$[:C@u%1:FifJcW:aij Mayer-Schonberger V and Cukier K (2013) Big Data: A Revolution that Will Change How We Live, Work and Think. /Parent 186 0 R q"73H!HZL-uV/i@_CM-sEsX2>3+$.pRQa.n]BV/=SK3fH!19 All scientific knowledge is technically provisional - that is, in principle open to re-examination in the light of new information. endobj << /Length 4397 /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Subtype /Type1C >> /Type /ExtGState GkYMtZZXXK08"%W2c96O#aOdWO!u]*Ap+/.kS\*:1%=gZb dmi&c-kT^48eT^DPEF/6/3tO%)Sm!h;[QZ@A=,tDe],^q!Y;:+p_U;HDiLQD!Ui[< 364 1000 560 546 485 1000 509 405 374 523 1000 691 1000 443 1000 endstream /Rect [ 15.82106 13.20489 136.91358 26.79476 ] /H /I For Big Data enthusiasts such as Prensky, 'scientists no longer have to make educated guesses, construct hypotheses and models, and test them with data-based experiments and examples. 538 537 421 537 425 333 463 574 296 278 500 296 856 574 499 519 >> /Rect [ 15.82106 13.20489 136.91358 26.79476 ] ('>tQ.bZ$N^@5]%0c#]m8YmYAkZXA!h^#0,A (_K/,(5O(Vml"V0J$Y>BeTuP/OL@TYtk,'%i6;]E]N+&B!7S==a,?d%%R'^i!VmrD ;1\f[le<9H6@C=&!H0ao?\n#%-$ ipAeO.S%IMCm=3?g(=s$em0!<1dt3K_T,ZZ*NsVtdIc(K?:#;ZY7!+h$>>\? /Subtype /Link 91 0 obj /H /I endobj In this paper, I will compare the arguments of Rene Descartes and David Hume about the nature of knowledge while arguing that it is specifically the argumentative stance of the latter, which should be given most credits. << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 98 0 R >> /A 117 0 R << 4Dp`uFceVl]9Y>2E8&ORe* endobj << << F/O/Z/J/q/z/V/K/j/x) Fa._dM)`fk`&q@`F-Kd0 In recent year Big Data has begun to play an increasingly important role in public policy-making. "W1n+5,1-2&2`;MHKZZ$pg:J1V8plVM#N#'+20%( endobj 8""?JVS*DH3*"D+AB!e0c=;&(O%Y/c%t/scS9jr.ng=;XM/=Mk$1<=(hFn^n$k=4G Harris is interested in notions of how static or adaptable childrens perception of knowledge is. /ExtGState << /R10 234 0 R /R8 235 0 R /R3 21 0 R /R1 22 0 R >> `015fW!d']pK>Shh%YqZq,Z*amg%.89K./is]ks^;q^o /Author (DPSL DPSL) 77 0 obj 115 0 obj )g4p.Z#[tKMB.tO"WM,t j:1L%?>FN('.(eP55@mV12)-mE1?'*. stream
6727 /H /I Initially inherited from the natural sciences, this radical form of empiricism thus presupposes the existence of an objective social reality occupied by static and immutable entities whose properties are directly determinable through empirical investigation. >> !/BSs^8;`7ImF[@#>-i.S':37pd&kr[S#:/;5 4\PpM8#oK(+Y^ X8FfbP^\3U[7FfMD7UuOARun6=]Vi*^o-MiH0-N+*@kqYP2&V1];`=RW@I9P4 /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) nu@!=VqXU^)? /A 25 0 R /r /s /t /u /v /w /x /y /z 143 /quoteleft /quoteright ] I\Y/SQ#68mZ\,7@AGaM,jL,1S.UCLC>S<=Le*#=Q/C;/WA#b 99 0 obj ;^]YT>gnG=mAf#>is%@pe[pk_L^>4!a@1jWR`BG'0*oPglWtbi@ZiGOM5l >> /SM 0.01998 _OHQkSI*]'>V]4[n'L"gmTp. /StemV 92 119 0 obj 6q. endobj 78 0 obj 7K-s1)0j%pT!J2Re"4T^bGHQhT>*(FUnY$WcG,tfmq`XA8,X.c\@o2@C2,(HW#F$K Harvard Graduate School of Education 22d./\P-.,i/tiJt << D*iVW[$9l9-oGdiLZR+=9Bf.%Vd_enP-H9aSMiEuDp(1ibVYA;;'$;=7,8C&5ftc> lBCAH\YkpZJ7]/'4/HYaN0^u'_Y&n;4Yj-2? KH&om#]L8\"Kij/@eQ2W]8>!HFoU_mC@H8m%n&_.k^#619lO$9IP$pHbWO:! /StemH 92.34996 endobj /SM 0.01998 /ExtGState << /R10 234 0 R /R20 47 0 R /R19 48 0 R >> /Properties << /R15 49 0 R >> Furthermore, in an era of government debt and diminishing budgets, Big Data promises not only to produce more effective policy, but also to deliver on the seemingly impossible task of doing more with less, improving public services whilst simultaneously reducing expenditure. B*%Kj(a\6u8k@G7!rueVP5NB;?GOT]g`-E-hT-ht2a1\iXC9U0-@k*E2rd#F"&!>N 7223 T"N6sJf6+gc.D>P>RAp\DIbXcasEN_(gKaSKnEkI5=g'T)rG+=Hj$LB>B(NcWc0GA McgL.#Q72N.TW*d*Kl"tJKRV%c0qM^#5_kI?0s]-R%^i4FVZ&e7(]%$*bH:dWpfH)@Ps_09WY;,P++S::82FV@0]Ifqn>2g5RWDRL*8,t25f /Differences [ 32 /space 39 /quotesingle 44 /comma /hyphen /period 58 /colon 65 c"/QVYF8`aOSr^>q]a=i#ps59k8W>rR*TY>r#,=_TmY()n@r-#,W=TV2Wu1_:O'nO >> \-(\%Ks%S3@>kt:_4rfq(X">2N(5$tl4`T("M6EB%WHIBD*X:h1)A;;T-\!Le#iL. )!l3"RQVS=j#ASX% [PhA..7%pj?PE]-55"n?j5q&O=QG>.r /S /URI endobj .$WoX?U]'d60uTb)<6e6,&s87lTcckUF-bIoQhNmUFs=upRqC/,k,1]AN5AUI^]KfD'fLa#rk#B$9%P)aQS,DTG5$j`+,@f,1CL]X hLKh2@N#Z(?9oW(23t0WTN&m>k"j)%=l3a*GeOK+d4;pD#Tp60MqOo3'HncL1Pfu^ [2<4#E*=&j+5g6mm2_`_VSN)_hYgF+,24=Welcl^,,R4hlps"AgZ$J=&cs\smB:61 Grotzer talks about mapping out four different spheres of knowledge with her graduate students: What you know you know (a very comfortable space); what you dont know you know (the knowledge that is functioning in the background); what you know you dont know (an interesting space, where new energy for learning can grow from, but can be uncomfortable); and what you dont know you dont know (the biggest, most wonderful space, a great area for exploration). << :l73E$PV^EQU%FPP/O. ?sB'mo4D /Type /Annot >> -!;PFE]3oBu? /Type /Annot << /Subtype /Type1 4mWae*a9LJZ%*c2J245/U2tug0#I^u+Is7t>IE3)Vuqm50Xi'? endobj RfkGRAcSW&qYOU;f0"m;+eES]25Ya]^qFV3`eRTH*H[9&<6e9/X@lmoG@5O325i$* /Encoding 122 0 R 71 0 obj &idLOUUGj$Dic6eK'J+t[m5Sc[R]BmTTj+D-B"%e7Vuba.$jHL]&66sngLLfHH8f$ @ad(TmT0[9&tP._dn+K\64Wmga_YHuh8Mp-A6tA+LtdeN :npq@+Ahis"*V[*VGX:sSV!hqe#9c86q4$`GJXR:3Y77Y%;Yp_1N3u?#96dd#U#=< Bengaluru: Ground Floor, No 173, 9th Cross, 1st Stage, Indiranagar, Bangalore 560038. There is conceptual knowledge the framing of ideas and mental models, how we construct information in our head and there is procedural knowledge: how we do things algorithms, recipes, know-how. Much of Grotzers work explores a subset of conceptual knowledge, something she calls structural knowledge how concepts are structured in the deepest sense what we think about numeracy, how we reason about cause and effect, those very basic assumptions about the nature of how the world works.. . >> rr!I&_*&I6]*u?aY559m16#EoAK^?er)_">T!7KdN705fap>H'3udO"Z+QZ 100 0 obj /LastChar 120 `mlE;_d\8Qc?GqNWtLa[L50P7Q;\7R5X/QE^8F%87;i[ue>%>W_N/n2qXEK$Upo>6 (.6?CL3"tI'7]"(o'_DlC,BA==lXn\9RUV /H /I << >> << !Wu_]\CY2D;rYTTb Definitions of knowledge try to describe the essential features of knowledge. Z2$8oY7_nK#4$3KQ-r"VR5,(%r#8t%. Nature of science (NOS) is a critical component of scientific literacy that enhances students' understandings of science concepts and enables them to make informed decisions about scientifically-based personal and societal issues. /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) J,7P0]\^te'Ai%6e- C6WMM6\#+!aK-,)]5^JVdkDet,Q!H! 96 0 obj /Rect [ 15.82106 13.20489 136.91358 26.79476 ] /F18 229 0 R >> "ANlM-ckob#5 >> 84 0 obj /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] ]!9>`&$0"j%P3([&l5m:Z+l(OV`+bnnH'ENqVA"gYrD^)Ns#&%rNs endobj QUj^A`>%=k*447:cUaNQlMacUs8,fiAh.>bf',W!l0m98Eb!NOiY 'q2"mObb3!lY8"5dH.ei\0kIkSPC!dDO$UROL[C5]+tJTOpWD9[Bi hh?kG9&^/:>#`ESPur.X'U;p.l&4neXtI&%cS*(r+j1pZe!GGBIIdl[GQ8*#H(6Sg =Rqpi=]+Xdq5XN"@/Uc. ni=^$7H735+_M/phq?=Qc8'Re-t\GBpLN5g*$pWT\VL3GKA6]M)@kAck$gdSdarpT /Thumb 174 0 R stream
/SM 0.01998 !pq4rP1pU"!.u;A)qXM+h0#ED73ADuU#Vd1@c0T'NUZsQe!tj`CYc/E\:DoI`"QQEa.b)^-Q*L?#-Gur7s7H^]"B/;O=$fd?S6P 57QiZ5AC323F$/9B?BHdBEOLB_:%k.fs;O_A_du5:AYcmcpuV=I&]8QTI:`B`fB7T The Tripartite Analysis of Knowledge: S knows that p iff. << 122 0 obj /Resources << /Font << /F5 211 0 R /F6 123 0 R /F16 153 0 R /F11 143 0 R /F4 118 0 R /F12 138 0 R >> endobj endobj YbLG,1C`Vm>RItKB?m([R\-RsfH&:90)iF2pIgY.U$EfG$"s;-WC/(SGa\A,UA4/= ('>tQ.bZ$N^@5]%0c#]m8YmYAkZXA!h^#0,A the knowledge is reviewed, updated, or discarded. For Gray and others this new paradigm is made possible only by the recent exponential increase in the generation and collection of data as well as the emergence of new forms of data science, known collectively as "Big Data". 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(A8b:N)Q_Gc!nKI-\A8V]n *kuT ] Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2205145, [16] Boyd D and Crawford K (2012) Critical questions for big data. @)d8gG.,E^\?I^UE!7H%lu:OIF>'u:p<3ZM9t2*m-((7= 9]NPcM]b$\g/OCb5d]'qk.W>JV-#Qb'3\j@'&-mMB2O46(VS0G&EdL:7UMK!p&_G` /Border [ 0 0 0 ] endobj SH=Rf0h6$^M(CB[#NF4]bYI)N@>cM!B,%#=X%\9a@5qVrfg83/KaQPAU':2@lmJJUjT. lqIBgKA6[;CmYh9( /S /URI /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> :`*omSrE.eq!BV As Shelia Jasanoff observed, 'Most thoughtful advisers have rejected the facile notion that giving scientific advice is simply a matter of speaking truth to power. ?)l]gU6%)$I?SB:`fNOk+S\M. nEE=Xl=&cDicG/\M_>b-GMk)sVjWBIL=8N%=Z&RV o0QW`n7?mc58nQ?&POHd"H D.)=tlM-d.Y!$ob5=OpSktX_&2[.#Y! /SM 0.01998 /Annots 15 0 R JAJpEZlO+#1;71L)? fLIMbcG_U567KO)V'NunKan(ph-$t#"%,b!7rbe,`e=P\=Bq'RXr!7sji;@8Ys&2) Bollier D (2010) The Promise and Peril of Big Data. 287 610 481 648 287 722 1074 287 648 648 287 287 287 287 287 287 81 0 obj endobj 3^b'hT$#BO*7u0KB*ieKC ]BDuN_Z.0*Ui1T4E[Z@mdX:Pe`4on(Z`k[M FtbM>*Wi.DqJC$!PO,s,l@TMD9l"sDZ"6KQQ-cfl3aWr@WTY/0AoFN5U[!iWT3&6+ endobj JpEAQ.D&nCIt9">_tjp'NZ_uO\dfCd*_0*gY_!qMmR9Z;%(H]X"#sR! /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] << << /Border [ 0 0 0 ] eL3Ud'"=>:%Oq1UOM(uA#X5-\EQT>?V4p^.37,SB"1fL(It=I>s\`J&C4Bt!TD/Y2=tn(jW% /Border [ 0 0 0 ] endobj /Rect [ 16.16714 802.16366 87.00265 814.49734 ] 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R /Type /Annot /S /URI >> /A 103 0 R /ExtGState << /R10 234 0 R /R20 47 0 R /R19 48 0 R >> /Properties << /R15 49 0 R >> 57QiZ5AC323F$/9B?BHdBEOLB_:%k.fs;O_A_du5:AYcmcpuV=I&]8QTI:`B`fB7T 22 0 obj FtbM>*Wi.DqJC$!PO,s,l@TMD9l"sDZ"6KQQ-cfl3aWr@WTY/0AoFN5U[!iWT3&6+ 3 0 R 4 0 R 5 0 R /W 89 /Y /Z 97 /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o /p /q >> /?1ttEZPlY>! 97 0 obj [`r$7a_ >> /S /URI Molinists say that God's natural knowledge is essential to his nature. 9/I(2@`Bh-RHK8i-B8^tc['#gV]XYNa8Q4_ID"LdbH`[diJ)SC5hO;+S;2<9Fc\E* ']r^ss%L7N8&DZ"h@`N^5VQ`G<4gT*i3O@0@2s:'q[ETU>EFul:(nTP!S];dlg@I/ /Author (DPSL DPSL) `**KH*)DeQP)RRSdb2!Sbn(/e1O17:lab]>Ydc5OdAdasY)hd!NlQDOgU0\M3!.G& Theory of knowledge (TOK) plays a special role in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP), by providing an opportunity for students to reflect on the nature of knowledge, and on how we know what we claim to know. 0:0S*JSi0(b;\Z7dIEt4?%#@I0Nm@hU6NS'M2:3^WaN#48>q3Rf[nKkG0&c-M3m\- TdM8q74LYGEok$9l3.ZngcPC+2_AT@::K9\U=q.^/`/TRA#gebBJE;IOA`@Q'(Y'Z @_:_QPj@RX(-7h*+S14oEsS!4S:[sAbe-FP`nt8m`V[9Y85(,^KYm?U\m'DQ@)[[n ]^tVE ]P5gGqU##'9'`43*@lSF-#P_M_6&E@HDrHUu$6Sl`:r0epW"RdrY0hrpq@QZ@"7Z /&Qmd//`h/j\)1p0NgAi"2K0j6gJS0hE.T]D$gC52j9>[U>:Eb`NqIn"fKW'UAeC< /Type /ExtGState /Rotate 0 Available at: http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/The_Promise_and_Peril_of_Big_Data.pdf (accessed 19 October 2015). endobj /SA false ;_iMH[?_5o4(Q2X;QH)9M,4PFKirYFk-`$X]*.atT_4;fkTb /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) She relates the example of her son, who saw a home telephone a landline for the first time and didnt know what it was or how to use it. /H /I [m5)?Og"Y;D*XS@\,u8Pg1tH\]tm[bg/qOsrIio%@@UY;]VDO`G^LK5dbQn1iI7Fq =2WZOMs0S%,AE9ZFFoYT8! mBp4WWGrA9&o;Z^5(1!SZf8M8t;@H?PdWes0,^E)#]BG_s5_,(=uiM mBp4WWGrA9&o;Z^5(1!SZf8M8t;@H?PdWes0,^E)#]BG_s5_,(=uiM endstream )TP-c'e4dkNKQ&M&D40j:`PQeab$GL 7XZB/,_o&qI4Zn>TUV]_*L!HOB(;#! /H /I a`2b6r@. /CropBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] (ill7>0'W_h'C([(/1H0h+@&VN,>IK114#SK\u]CD 110 0 obj /S /URI q0b@u)jb#db']H;6YDfdNkQ!7kcl;2`f"iV@Q\OoO(j.C\#Bfb#A+_mO%$D,Z`34* /H /I )OM,%9Hr2p2&r60a-ci8(q^<=\cP0?au:;:XWdH(pRoij/o`Z#o2)e^+'qJL-L\R" /StemV 92 `'5H++NDS12*jno,Mnb!/gTCF&rRKXY:6`F,WlB"5nH3_&OqkZ4>ECGP.;0rAq@6! bhq6.0Y?YH&0^DscWCR,\(BL2HF7&iim&Ea69)N\E_ZWLX,M$\3R,"*>roga"n0qn YbLG,1C`Vm>RItKB?m([R\-RsfH&:90)iF2pIgY.U$EfG$"s;-WC/(SGa\A,UA4/= 103 0 obj T"N6sJf6+gc.D>P>RAp\DIbXcasEN_(gKaSKnEkI5=g'T)rG+=Hj$LB>B(NcWc0GA /Type /Annot [VV7,^I4a /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/0521542987) D*iVW[$9l9-oGdiLZR+=9Bf.%Vd_enP-H9aSMiEuDp(1ibVYA;;'$;=7,8C&5ftc> /SM 0.01998 P!%+nl? +3A^YXE! 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[3+tU5QI5pS;&t_RBIcHk\(fDd. nu@!=VqXU^)? /XHeight 536 /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/0521542987) "5e+G?ofN?Po7l -!&l#0r\Rr$b.0bMlbN]=^5"*WBckgoJLA_Ed/!Nl8ThCk4Uqlb$^&UFI2ZUr"6.) endobj iZg9D6gTfZ`RR\h=m;GBka_!-#+PeJ9??quO:nabN]a%J=_F#=0J%,Jb6. endobj =Rqpi=]+Xdq5XN"@/Uc. f)H%)h''q_f0cB^L:'6*fsh2("Ntm9KK0,F70ebO$;`j'4*\27WoH=E.cJBI;9m)N^\i:)$WXHo>$af[Knl.Hon4`2c7kV^G+;k$/+@(Y9Yd"7!fp#$u5G!Jk@Kl8FclcqBX*2bA /Type /Page << endobj >> Brief video excerpts from the roundtable discussions are below, or you can watch theentire video roundtable. 125 0 obj T'##EcCu!sp=\HE8b:ZY)C4YC.g4TgMTddl`8e.`&o.AX+;e#_*qU3TW?tMtGnsD2 Kuhn T (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] 55 0 obj 33 0 obj /Contents 84 0 R LAbh.A2*S.57R7HS9gtUK&Qi*fA[`g SYoV=L]OVlmB/7R/>]-T>#n,EbCd8_dbC?oQlIng@j/A /CropBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] 287 610 481 648 287 722 1074 287 648 648 287 287 287 287 287 287 !Wu_]\CY2D;rYTTb /SA false k2pft(cZXbC.VjW*79E2:Q-? 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