But some critics still question the value of studying ethics and living an ethical life. Many different research ethics policies would hold that Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data. Engineering is the process of developing an efficient mechanism which quickens and eases the work using limited resources, with the help of technology.Ethics are the principles accepted by the society, which also equate to the moral standards of human beings. However, they do not fall into the narrow category of actions that the government classifies as research misconduct. 2022 PapersOwl.com - All rights reserved. Based on Webster: Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment. An action may be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. Accepts the profession's agreement to work in a morally permissible way (often expressed as a code of ethics) as determining in part the obligations of the . The journal has just gone to press, so it is too late to catch the error before it appears in print. A stable society requires a lot of ethical people working together in highly coordinated ways. An authentic and meaningful life requires you to live with a sense of integrity. Some religious traditions believe ethics is the key to something even greater than personal success and social stability: eternal life. A lack of professionalism can cost you a job or promotion, and it can even put you first in line for a layoff. Dilemmas and Case Studies. According to both codes Engineers are to accomplish their work in a responsible and lawful manner. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Her funding agency may also have rules that obligate her to share data. Not so fast. Integrity is making commitments and sticking to them through thick and thin no matter how much violating them may benefit you. This sentiment arises from the misconception of the true purpose of ethical education in business school settings. We are experiencing that everybody knows about the commercial and money. However, surveys of hiring organizations show these skills are also considered rare among graduates. We study ethics because it helps us develop an in-depth understanding of right and wrong that helps us make informed decisions. Gregory Gale is an adjunct professor of philosophy. Ethics is more important in the engineering field than you may think. These standards also help members of the discipline to coordinate their actions or activities and to establish the public's trust of the discipline. Running a business with ethics at its core from the top down is essential for company-wide integrity. When people live ethical lives, they tell the truth, avoid harming others, and are generous. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9493"}},{"authorId":10381,"name":"Adam Potthast","slug":"adam-potthast","description":"
Christopher Panza, PhD, teaches courses on existentialism, ethics, and free will and has published articles on teaching philosophy. Which choice will probably have the best overall consequences for science and society? Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. CapsimInbox: Ethical Decision-Making tackles this issue through the effective and objective assessment of key ethical decision-making skills. 22. Business Ethics and the Law However, philosophical ethics denies that simple conformity and obedience are the best guides to how we should live. An authentic and meaningful life requires you to live with a sense of integrity. Lives that are lived ethically tend to be calmer, more focused, and more productive than those that are lived unethically. If you are giving a presentation about an environmental health topic or Join an NIEHS Study Because of this, sometimes engineers produce flawed work that can be a danger to the public. For instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjects protections, and animal care and use are necessary in order to make sure that researchers who are funded by public money can be held accountable to the public. Most people cant turn off their sympathy for other human beings. She is planning to publish many other papers from her dataset. I'm Amy, The Principle of Benevolence is Linked in the Ethics of Google, Creativity and Ethics: Case Study on Ruslan Kogan. After considering these questions, a person facing an ethical dilemma may decide to ask more questions, gather more information, explore different options, or consider other ethical rules. Download or play NIEHS Health Chat's with a wide range of experts and topics. Moreover, only a fool would commit misconduct because science's peer review system and self-correcting mechanisms will eventually catch those who try to cheat the system. After all, if you ignore ethics, you can just focus on yourself, right? Education in research ethics is can help people get a better understanding of ethical standards, policies, and issues and improve ethical judgment and decision making. Finally, situations frequently arise in research in which different people disagree about the proper course of action and there is no broad consensus about what should be done. Professional nurses are also required to . As a result, unethical people have stormier internal lives because they have to work to suppress their consciences and sympathies to deal with the ways they treat others. You may believe that you are highly ethical and know the difference between right and wrong. In any case, a course in research ethics will have little impact on "bad apples," one might argue. The health of members of the public is very important for the development of any society. Most societies also have legal rules that govern behavior, but ethical norms tend to be broader and more informal than laws. The IEEE wants its members to Value Criticism of their technical work whether its their own work or one of their co-workers.Giving proper Credit is also asked by the IEE as well and binds the members of the organization to treat everyone fairly regardless of race,religion,gender,disability,age, or nationality. Sees other members, including those employed elsewhere, as peers/colleagues. Working with such people is easy. Indeed, in the last century, many social reformers have urged citizens to disobey laws they regarded as immoral or unjust laws. In policing, ethics includes values such as allegiance, honesty, loyalty and courage. For example, a "medical ethicist" is someone who studies ethical standards in medicine. Peaceful civil disobedience is an ethical way of protesting laws or expressing political viewpoints. In any case, a course in research ethics can be useful in helping to prevent deviations from norms even if it does not prevent misconduct. Institutions across the globe are emphasizing ethics through the various learning goals involving ethical decision-making and social responsibility. Ethical values are influenced by the culture and upbringing of each individual. The importance of professionalism The experts agree that professionalism is one of the biggest factors in your level of career success. systematic study of rightness and wrongness of human conduct and character as known by natural reason. This example was written and submitted by a fellow student. . However, given the huge list of potential offenses that might fall into the category "other serious deviations," and the practical problems with defining and policing these other deviations, it is understandable why government officials have chosen to limit their focus. What Are Ethics? Which choice would be the most just, fair, or responsible. Given the importance of ethics for the conduct of research, it should come as no surprise that many different professional associations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and policies relating to research ethics. The .gov means its official. Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. Due to the high impact of educational environments and especially universities on the future of students and because of their critical duties in rendering education and making communities more. This paper will cover the Similarities between the (NSPE) National Society of professional Engineers and the (IEEE) Institute of Electrical and Electronics engineer Code of ethics. Scientists must deal with a number of different controversial topics, such as human embryonic stem cell research, cloning, genetic engineering, and research involving animal or human subjects, which require ethical reflection and deliberation. One possible option is to share data, provided that the investigators sign a data use agreement. Ethics allows you to cultivate inner peace. Gregory Gale is an adjunct professor of philosophy. It examines the ethical dilemmas and challenges met by practitioners of a profession, the way in which professionals organize and develop ethical . Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly. To know what to do, Dr. Wexford needs to have more information concerning such matters as university or funding agency or journal policies that may apply to this situation, the team's intellectual property interests, the possibility of negotiating some kind of agreement with the other team, whether the other team also has some information it is willing to share, the impact of the potential publications, etc. This, again, is conducive to professional growth. According to Wikipedia, "Engineering ethics is the field of system of moral principles that apply to the practice of engineering. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. The main point is that human reasoning plays a pivotal role in ethical decision-making but there are limits to its ability to solve all ethical dilemmas in a finite amount of time. Talk about a skewed world view! Responsible Conduct of Research, 3rd ed. Working with such people is easy. The NIH and NSF have both mandated training in research ethics for students and trainees. Also both codes of ethics explains that any deceptive activities such as bribery are not tolerated. To become acquainted with the ethical issues that arise and cause difficulties for computer professionals over and over again. Also, reasonable disagreements about research methods, procedures, and interpretations do not constitute research misconduct. Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. Hurting people leaves scars on both the giver and the receiver. NSPE actually suggests that Engineers should act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees while IEEE does not require you to do so. Moral is dealing with or capable of distinguishing between right and wrong. Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research. To learn more CapsimInbox: Ethical Decision-Making and how it can help prepare your students for success beyond the classroom, click here or contact us welcome@capsim.com. Some great reasons to resist those critics include the following: Ethics allows you to live an authentic life. The IEEE code of ethics looks sort of like an oath where you say it in first person while The NSPE is formed more in third person language and encourages all engineers to adhere to their code of ethics. Why are professional ethics important? He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results. There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. The professional ethics certificate was developed for students who are interested in sustained attention to ethics because of their commitment to personal values, their desire to promote the civic life of their communities or to be prepared to assume leadership positions in the professional workplace. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity. To avoid the negative implications, companies are devoting more resources to business ethics. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success. Also IEEE tries to encourage engineers to improve their knowledge of technology, its appropriate application, and the consequences of your actions while the NSPE code of ethics does not require to do those things. From a philosophical point of view, ethics has to do with morality and with the way people act in the sense of goodness or badness. Actions that nearly all researchers classify as unethical are viewed as misconduct. Never plagiarize. Good ethics will lead us to maintain our honest image. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial may harm or even kill patients, and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students. Ethics may help out in the afterlife. No one can be sure about an eternal life, but people of faith from many different religions believe that good behavior in this life leads to rewards in the next life. 2. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. y-4rp. It might sound dramatic, but it's true! For example, an order from a manager can cause individuals, who are normally ethically outstanding, to engage in unethical behaviors and characterize it as just business. Ethical discussions allow students to understand the dangers of faulty rationalization and better prepare them to handle external pressures in their own careers. Some religious traditions believe ethics is the key to something even greater than personal success and social stability: eternal life. July 22, 2019 Author : Bill Category : Management Ethics plays a very important role in the professional life. Your code of ethics are required to reflect the values of your organisation. Ethical people embody traits that unethical people have to work at to fake theyre honest, trustworthy, loyal, and caring. Ethics allows you to live an authentic life. 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If society were mostly composed of unethical people, it would quickly crumble.
\r\n\r\n \tEthics may help out in the afterlife. No one is accusing you of acting unethically. The oath these officers take, promises their commitment to ensure the safety of the public they serve. This simulation-based assessment also provides tailored developmental feedback to improve these skills, thus improving student employability and promotability. Don't know where to start? Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. NIEHS offers a broad range of job opportunities, career enhancement programs, and research training grants and programs in environmental health sciences and administration. Police ethics refers to a system of moral values that are generally accepted as professional standards in policing. Erroneous or fraudulent research often enters the public record without being detected for years. We will be working this term on constructing personal ethical bases and understanding how Ethical Codes (both personal and professional) are created and followed. They can build public confidence in the profession's trustworthiness, ensure greater transparency with clients, make challenging ethical decisions easier for those in the profession, create a unified understanding of acceptable practices by everyone in the field and make it easier for others working with the profession to know what to expect. The university or funding agency may have policies on data management that apply to this case. You can order an original essay written according to your instructions. Indeed, there has been considerable debate about the definition of "research misconduct" and many researchers and policy makers are not satisfied with the government's narrow definition that focuses on FFP. Consider the following case: Dr. T has just discovered a mathematical error in his paper that has been accepted for publication in a journal. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. If society were mostly composed of unethical people, it would quickly crumble. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. As you can tell by now, there are numerous reasons why ethics are essential in accounting. When they fail to properly suppress their sympathies, the guilt and shame that comes with harming or disrespecting ones fellow human beings takes deep root within them.
\r\nEthics provides for a stable society. [1] The definition above suggests that engineering ethics is a social responsibility taken by . Professional Ethics: A Brief Introduction. Students who study such first-rate reasoning in the classroom stand a better chance of being able to engage in solid ethical reasoning in the workplace. Chris MacDonald, Canadian Business. Be careful, this sample is accessible to everyone. Employees who feel their standards are respected feel more satisfied and engaged in their jobs. It will enable us to refrain from such activities that may discredit to our profession. The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice, with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects. Make sure your essay is plagiarism-free or hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs. View our page to search various areas of interest and methodology. It is required to clearly state how employees are expected to behave to manifest the reputation you want to portray among your coworkers and . Alternative test methods are methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal use in research and testing, Learn more about Environmental science Basics. Hurting people leaves scars on both the giver and the receiver. Doctors generally rated their own fairness, honesty, kindness and teamwork highly, but were more inclined to doubt their abilities to lead or to exercise their judgement. NIEHS provides many opportunities for funding to individual researchers, organizations, and businesses. These principles in any company or group can be termed as ethics. These meetings are listed in the NIEHS Events Calendar and are open to the general public. when people who are morally weak, ignorant, or insensitive are placed in stressful or imperfect environments. Ethics provides for a stable society. Ethics is a worthwhile subject of study for at least three reasons: (1) studying ethics can help you appreciate ethical problems, (2) behaving ethically may help the long-term success of a business, and (3) behaving ethically is often correlated with behaving legally. NIEHS intramural scientists have defined descriptive terms of particular relevance to their own research, and have ranked those terms accordingly. honesty, trustworthiness, responsibility) help guide us along a pathway to deal more effectively with ethical dilemmas by eliminating those behaviors that do not conform to our sense of right and wrong - our best rational interests - without sacrificing others. He or she should be able to articulate reasons for his or her conduct and should consider the following questions in order to explain how he or she arrived at his or her decision: . The doctors engineers and other professional like advocates are taking Sky High fees. Gregory Gale is an adjunct professor of philosophy. There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. Just like how your customers and employees expect you to be ethical in your day-to-day business operations, your business depends on it, too. Held to a certain standard Handling client-sensitive information Duty to public interest To reduce possibility of fraud Need to depend on ethics of those doing assurance CPAs have a different relationship with clients than most other professionals: although hired by management, the primary beneficiaries of audits are financial . Although clinical ethics consultants might venture into areas of clinical . However, the increased emphasis on ethical education can also create uncertainty among educators who feel ethics classes fail to make students more ethical. On the other hand, callous and insensitive people are distrusted, so its difficult for them to be integrated well into social arrangements. It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to interpret, assess, and apply various research rules and how to make decisions and to act ethically in various situations. The study of ethics helps a person to look at his own life critically and to evaluate his actions/choices/decisions.It assists a person in knowing what he/she really is and what is best for him/her and what he/she has to do in order to attain it. Maybe a physician thinks that it is perfectly appropriate to receive a $300 finders fee for referring patients into a clinical trial. For many students, college is the first opportunity to venture from home and experience opposing views. If they deal in the ethical manner then the chances for the growth and development are more. Price: $19.99. For example, some unethical authorship practices probably reflect traditions and practices that have not been questioned seriously until recently. In part, that's because technology and digital communication have made it easier to identify and publicize ethical missteps. Why Study Professional Ethics? These situations create difficult decisions for research known as ethical or moral dilemmas. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. You may think that ethics can hold you back in all kinds of ways, but the truth is the opposite. The vast majority of decisions involve the straightforward application of ethical rules. Why repeat the Continue Reading 10 Related questions More answers below What would he or she do in this situation? In this case, the issue is whether to share information with the other research team. As a result, unethical people have stormier internal lives because they have to work to suppress their consciences and sympathies to deal with the ways they treat others. For instance, ethical standards govern conduct in medicine, law, engineering, and business. However, he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida on spring break with his friends, who are leaving tonight. Business ethics is an essential skill. After reading and reviewing the code of ethics for both the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE) and the National Society of Professional engineers (NSPE) Ive noticed that both of these two put a big emphasis on safety,health, and welfare to the public. As a result, students are able to expand their understanding of ethics, sometimes even altering their own values and ethical decision-making process. Almost every company now has a business ethics program. Ethics require accounting professionals to comply with the laws and regulations that govern their jurisdictions and their bodies of work. Few topics really fascinated me, and I ended up relating them with real life, people . 1. Many academic institutions outside of the US have also developed educational curricula in research ethics. In this paper, I argue that clinical ethics consults involving non-clinicians should be done away with for two reasons: first, they lack clinical medical experience to properly analyze the ethical issues, and second, moral expertise should give way to medical expertise. You may think that ethics can hold you back in all kinds of ways, but the truth is the opposite. On the other hand, callous and insensitive people are distrusted, so its difficult for them to be integrated well into social arrangements. In this case, there may be other choices besides 'share' or 'don't share,' such as 'negotiate an agreement' or 'offer to collaborate with the researchers.'. Adam Potthast, PhD, is an assistant professor of philosophy at Missouri University of Science and Technology. Moreover, defenders of the stressful environment theory point out that science's peer review system is far from perfect and that it is relatively easy to cheat the system. As a result, ethical people are perfectly suited not only for interpersonal relationships generally, but also more specifically for the kinds of interactions that make for thriving business. Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an academic expert. Ask These 7 QuestionsTo Invest In The RightSimulation From Day 1, 7 Questions to Ask Before Investing in Simulations. When they fail to properly suppress their sympathies, the guilt and shame that comes with harming or disrespecting ones fellow human beings takes deep root within them.
\r\nEthics provides for a stable society. Professional ethics refers to an implied or specifically defined set of norms or codes of conduct that guide decision-makers in various professional roles. The IEEE wants its members to Value Criticism of their technical work whether it's their own work or one of their co-workers.Giving proper Credit is also asked by the IEE as well and binds the members of the organization to treat everyone fairly regardless of race,religion,gender,disability,age, or nationality. Learn from history! For example, an order from a manager can cause individuals, who are normally ethically outstanding, to engage in unethical behaviors and characterize it as "just business." Thus, adhesion to good ethics is to let our conscience be our guide at all times. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is expanding and accelerating its contributions to scientific knowledge of human health and the environment, and to the health and well-being of people everywhere. It is important to remember, however, that misconduct occurs only when researchers intend to deceive: honest errors related to sloppiness, poor record keeping, miscalculations, bias, self-deception, and even negligence do not constitute misconduct. No one can be sure about an eternal life, but people of faith from many different religions believe that good behavior in this life leads to rewards in the next life.
\r\nChristopher Panza, PhD, teaches courses on existentialism, ethics, and free will and has published articles on teaching philosophy. Examples I will always speak the truth. just looking for general information about environmental health research or the institute, this page will help. Ethics, discretion, and professionalism are important factors in policing duties and institutions, enabling the executive branch to operate effectively when dealing with the public's interests. Unethical people generally dont do so well at these things. Clearly, it would be useful to have more data on this topic, but so far there is no evidence that science has become ethically corrupt, despite some highly publicized scandals. If the director of a lab is named as an author on every paper that comes from his lab, even if he does not make a significant contribution, what could be wrong with that? The answer to this question depends, in part, on how one understands the causes of misconduct. (New York: Oxford University Press). Dr. Wexford was planning to conduct a study on this topic. A codes of ethics is the standards in which individuals and groups of people are supposed to act according to societial norms. Not-for-Profit Section (1) CPE Credits. study of moral philosophy or ethics can deepen our reflection on the ultimate questions of life. Many of the deviations that occur in research may occur because researchers simply do not know or have never thought seriously about some of the ethical norms of research. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. A Codes of Ethics. Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. There are two main theories about why researchers commit misconduct. If you want a unique paper, order it from our professional writers. Take responsibility for your part in research and be prepared to give an account (i.e. Professional Behavior. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Give us your paper requirements, choose a writer and well deliver the highest-quality essay! an explanation or justification) of what you did on a research project and why. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public. The role of business schools is not to make students more ethical, but rather to expose them to ethical dilemmas that will allow them to develop their own ethical decision-making process. 2. What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? That's just the way it's done, one might argue. (2019, May 14). Endorsing these methods in this context need not imply that ethical decisions are irrational, however. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Find out about the exciting discoveries being made by NIEHS and NIEHS-supported researchers that are helping to improve health and save lives. Gregory Gale is an adjunct professor of philosophy. Engineers are not to harm others, their property,their reputation, or employment by false or Harmful intent. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society? The ideas and opinions expressed in this essay are the authors own and do not necessarily represent those of the NIH, NIEHS, or US government. The nature of your personal ethics depend on whether your principles have an optimistic effect on the people surrounding you, i.e., your strict adherence to your principles must not spoil someone else's life; a negative impact on society due to your principles violates the very reason you are following them. Ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. Another way of defining 'ethics' focuses on the disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology. In order to avoid embarrassment, Dr. T decides to ignore the error. Having a firm character or set of principles to guide your life and the choices you make is what ethics is all about.
\r\n\r\n \tEthics makes you more successful. Or perhaps a university administrator sees no ethical problem in taking a large gift with strings attached from a pharmaceutical company. Should you invest in simulation-based training? She receives a request from another research team that wants access to her complete dataset. Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. 6. One plausible explanation of these disagreements is that all people recognize some common ethical norms but interpret, apply, and balance them in different ways in light of their own values and life experiences. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. The values that doctors felt were most important in their profession were: Fairness; Honesty and truthfulness; Judgement; Kindness or compassion; Leadership; and. The world need the comeback of professional ethics. An official website of the United States government. But some critics still question the value of studying ethics and living an ethical life. For the purpose of this paper, the author has reviewed Chapter 1 in the course text Risk Management: Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Guidelines for Successful Practice, reflecting on professional. Will education in research ethics help reduce the rate of misconduct in science? . Such instructional methods can exemplify for students what first-rate reasoning about ethics actually looks like. Compare the two and answer the following questions: (write at least 3 paragraphs) How is the language used in each different? The contents of the North Carolina Administrative Code, Title 21, Subchapter 08N - Professional Ethics and Conduct, are covered. Similarly, professional ethics are to be applied by the people of a particular profession if they can be based on the duties . Behaving in a consistently ethical manner can lock in a solid reputation and long-term. Trusted by over 1 million students worldwide. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. If this is the case, then it may be appropriate to consider others ways of making the decision, such as going with a gut feeling or intuition, seeking guidance through prayer or meditation, or even flipping a coin. A professional code of ethics is designed to ensure employees are behaving in a manner that is socially acceptable and respectful of one another. Professional ethics presentation Nov. 15, 2013 23 likes 60,176 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Business Technology for assisting students doing law Skillet Tony Follow self employed at Internet solution center Advertisement Recommended Ethics Prachi Chaudhary 4.6k views 14 slides General ethics an introduction final 2003 See Glossary of Commonly Used Terms in Research Ethics. Ethics makes you more successful. Why is the study of ethics important for criminal justice professionals? Most academic institutions in the US require undergraduate, graduate, or postgraduate students to have some education in the responsible conduct of research (RCR). Read latest updates in our monthlyGlobal Environmental Health Newsletter. However, at some point he or she will have to make a decision and then take action. Many bad decisions are made as a result of poor information. Why study ethics? For the health care institutions to achieve the desired health related goals, they have to ensure that there . No one can be sure about an eternal life, but people of faith from many different religions believe that good behavior in this life leads to rewards in the next life.
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