This calculator will convert voltage or power gains into decibels. The grid meets society's electricity needs, and is what gets the electrical power from its generation to its end use. , This increased voltage allows efficient transmission for 500 kilometers or less. Follow, Copyright 2023, All Rights Reserved 2012-2023 by. The effect of light on the current-voltage characteristics of a p-junction. In either case, the solar cell will dissipate power. The Shockley diode equation doesn't describe the "leveling off" of the IV curve at high forward bias due to internal resistance. In the picture, a junction of four conductors (wires) is shown. Let's try a sample problem to give you some feel for how you might use this equation in a given problem. Joos, G., et al. However there is a limit, being that at extremely high voltages (2000 kV) the electricity begins to discharge resulting in high losses. Historically, the "conventional" volt, V 90, defined in 1987 by the 18th General Conference on Weights and Measures and in use from 1990 to 2019, was implemented using the Josephson effect for exact frequency-to-voltage conversion, combined with the caesium frequency standard.For the Josephson constant, K J = 2e/h (where e is the elementary charge and h is The factor mainly accounts for carrier recombination as the charge carriers cross the depletion region. exp Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/kirchhoffs-laws-for-current-and-voltage-2698910. in terms of The reverse breakdown region is not modeled by the Shockley diode equation. Using the Voltage Rule requires some sign conventions, which aren't necessarily as clear as those in the Current Rule. This page was last edited on 5 October 2022, at 16:32. For years, you've been buying 40-watt light bulbs and 60-watt light bulbs with the general understanding that a 60-watt bulb is going to be brighter than a 40-watt bulb. An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. Since production must so closely match demand, careful scheduling and dispatch are necessary. Also called chordal or DC resistance This corresponds to the usual definition of resistance; the voltage divided by the current R s t a t i c = U I. At an arbitrary temperature, it is a known constant defined by: where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature of the pn junction, and q is the magnitude of charge of an electron (the elementary charge). I This is known as Ohm's law (named after our friend Georg Simon Ohm). IEEE. At node A : I 1 + I 2 = I 3. Your email address will not be published. Quantum tunnelling, also known as tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby a wavefunction can propagate through a potential barrier.. The exponential term is usually >> 1 except for voltages below 100 mV. Multiplying both sides of Voltage Equation (1) by Ia , we get the power equation of a DC motor as follow. Usually, this electricity is alternating current so step-up transformers can increase the voltage. [11] Similar requirements came into effect in Europe in 2016. It is also denoted as PMAXor maximum power point (MPP) and occurs at a voltage of VMP and a current of IMP. However, a 1,100 kV link in China Ah, you thought we were done. times the rate of generation. Usually performed by the independent system operator or transmission system operator, both are services dedicated to the commitment and coordination of the generation and transmission units in order to maintain the reliability of the power grid. But when the quasi-Fermi levels are not equal, then the recombination rate is But it increases dramatically if the current going through the wires increases. = If you increase the pressure of the water coming out of the hose, it hits the waterwheel with a lot more force and the wheel turns faster, generating more power. As you go around a loop, when you arrive at the starting point has the same potential as it did when you began, so any increases and decreases along the loop have to cancel out for a total change of zero. While beginning to play with it, one starts by letting it rest in hand; at this point, all the energy is stored in the ball in the form of potential energy. 3. Choose a direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to go along the loop. The armature induced voltage Eais proportional to the speed and armature current whereas the torque Ta of series motor is directly proportional to the square of armature current & it is given by: The input power of a series motor is given by: The different motor efficiencies can be found by the following formulas and equations, e= Converted power in armature / Input electrical Power, m= Converted power in armature / output mechanical power, = Output mechanical Power / Input electrical Power This increased voltage allows efficient transmission for 500 kilometers or less. The other aspect of this with regard to Kirchhoff's Laws is that the sum of all electricity going into and flowing out of a junction must be zero. In component form, =. [9][10] Hydro-Qubec began requiring synthetic inertia in 2005 as the first grid operator, demanding a temporary 6% power boost when countering frequency drop by combining the power electronics with the rotational inertia of a wind turbine rotor. Using the equation I = P/V, we can calculate how much current in amps would be required to get 100 watts out of this 6-volt bulb. The transmission through the barrier can be finite and depends exponentially on the barrier height and barrier width. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law . ( o What Is Electroplating and How Does It Work? The basic DC motors E.M.F equation is given below. {\displaystyle V_{J}} f Thus, systems analysis and model synthesis are concurrent activities that iterate toward the micro until differentiation has produced adequate detail. The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics.The constant gives the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency, and by the mass-energy equivalence, the relationship between mass and frequency.Specifically, a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck Rearranging the equation above gives the voltage in terms of current: $$ V = \frac{n k T}{q} ln \left(\frac{I_L I}{I_0}\right) $$. These services generally include active power control or frequency control and reactive power control or voltage control, on various timescales. Voltage, also known as electric pressure, electric tension, or (electric) potential difference, is the difference in electric potential between two points. Vol. It is a term expressed in percentage that shows the change of motor speed when the load is changed. Volts are named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, who built one of the first batteries in 1800. Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest (static electricity).. So, this latter system produces the same power, but with half the current. https://www.thoughtco.com/kirchhoffs-laws-for-current-and-voltage-2698910 (accessed December 11, 2022). "Universal scaling in nanoscale lateral Schottky heterostructures", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shockley_diode_equation&oldid=1064647192, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, the difference between the quasi-Fermi level of the holes at the junction and that of the electrons at the junction. V ThoughtCo. . Let's see how this relation applies to the plumbing system. It says that the current is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance or I = V/R. {\displaystyle \Delta f={\frac {\Delta P_{m}}{\beta }}}, This simple equation can be rearranged to find the change in power that corresponds to a given change in frequency.[3]. You'll see different circuit breakers listed as 15 amps, 20 amps and 30 amps. The Shockley diode equation or the diode law, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories, gives the IV (current-voltage) characteristic of an idealized diode in either forward or reverse bias (applied voltage): The equation is called the Shockley ideal diode equation when n, the ideality factor, is set equal to 1. This decrease is due to an excess of recombination of electron-hole pairs over generation of electron-hole pairs. The Shockley diode equation or the diode law, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories, gives the IV (current-voltage) characteristic of an idealized diode in either forward or reverse bias (applied voltage): = where I is the diode current, I S is the reverse bias saturation current (or scale current), V D is the voltage across the diode, [12], Plug-in electric vehicles have the potential to be utilized to provide ancillary services to the grid, specifically load regulation and spinning reserves. For further information please see the related pages below: R. Paynter and B.J. There is a basic equation in electrical engineering that states how the three terms relate. In an electrical system power (P) is equal to the voltage multiplied by the current. These services generally include active power control or frequency control and reactive power control or voltage control, on various timescales. The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops.Using Kirchhoffs Current Law, KCL the equations are given as:. Kirchhoff's Laws for Current and Voltage. 2 P He is the co-author of "String Theory for Dummies. the drop of the quasi-Fermi level of the electrons from the junction to the n terminal. To get the maximum power output of a solar cell it needs to operate at the maximum power point, PMP. E. Hirst and B. Kirby, Ancillary Services, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical Report ORNL/CON 310, February 1996. The voltage represents the electrical energy in the system, so think of it as a specific case of conservation of energy. p Since production and demand must match so perfectly (see Scheduling and dispatch), operating reserves help make up the difference when production is too low. Required fields are marked *. So what happens in reality? Okay, so for our sample problem, let's say we know the values of the charges. Mathematically, Example 3. A 2006 critical study concluded that Peukert's equation could not be used to predict the state of charge of a battery accurately unless it is discharged at a constant current and constant temperature. : When we assume that Several important parameters which are used to characterize solar cells are discussed in the following pages. Or, think of stringing lights on your house or Christmas tree. There is an advantage that comes from using less current to make the same amount of power. The three most basic units in electricity are voltage (V), current (I, uppercase "i") and resistance (R). Kirchhoff's Current Law, also known as Kirchhoff's Junction Law, and Kirchhoff's First Law, define the way that electrical current is distributed when it crosses through a junctiona point where three or more conductors meet. p Thermionic emission is the liberation of electrons from an electrode by virtue of its temperature (releasing of energy supplied by heat).This occurs because the thermal energy given to the charge carrier overcomes the work function of the material. Under reverse bias (when the n side is put at a more positive voltage than the p side) the exponential term in the diode equation is near zero and the current is near a constant (negative) reverse current value of IS. When I > IL the number in side the ln( ) is negative and undefined. In this example, Kirchhoff's Junction Rule yields the following equation: v 2 + v 3 = v 1 + v 4. An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.. If we have multiple generators, each might have its own R. Beta can be found by: I sh is the shunt field current; R sh is the shunt field resistance; Induced Back EMF: The armature induced voltage E b is proportional to the speed & it is given by:. The wavefunction may disappear on one side and reappear on the other side. 1 In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff first described two laws that became central to electrical engineering. Now compare both equations of (1) and (2); The above relation shows that the speed of a DC motor can be controlled through change in voltage, flux and armature resistance. If they didn't, then the potential at the start/end point would have two different values. You know that P = 100 W, and V = 6 V. So, you can rearrange the equation to solve for I and substitute in the numbers. The solar cell goes into reverse bias (negative voltage) and either the non-idealities in the solar cell limit the voltage or the supply limits the voltage. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000. It gives a more rigorous form of expression for ideal diodes in general, except that it assumes that the cell is thick enough that it can produce this flux of photons. produced is equal to the half of its terminal voltage i.e. So far, we've talked about different ways to measure the amount of electricity flowing through a circuit, and how much wattage is needed to run different electrical devices connected to that circuit. Once you flip the switch again, you reengage the circuit, and the lights come back on. and the Shockley ideal diode equation. Input Voltage provided to the motor armature performs the following two tasks: The above relation is known as Voltage Equation of the DC Motor. Since current is the flow of electrons through a conductor, it cannot build up at a junction, meaning that current is conserved: What goes in must come out. R Explore how a capacitor works! (2010). Plug-in electric vehicles can behave like distributed energy storage and have the potential to discharge power back to the grid through bidirectional flow, referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G). With the integration of more intermittent generation and the development of smart grid technologies, the provision of ancillary services is extended to smaller distributed generation and consumption units.[1]. l Change the size of the plates and add a dielectric to see how it affects capacitance. There is a basic equation in electrical engineering that states how the three terms relate. When performing calculations, the current flowing into and out of the junction typically has opposite signs. With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields. It's the same as turning off the light switch and breaking the circuit. But circuits are made up of wires and wires are not perfect conductors. Picture this as the voltage rising and falling as you proceed around any of the individual loops in the circuit. e "A survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary servicesPart I: Technical features." An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also a transient electromagnetic disturbance (TED), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. m K f is a constant based on machine construction; is the magnetic flux; is the angular speed; Maximum Power Condition: The output mechanical power is of shunt dc motor is maximum If just one light bulb blows out, the entire string of lights goes out. So, using a higher voltage to reduce the current can make electrical systems more efficient. That's because different home appliances operate at different voltages. = [2] An important part of this process includes transformers which are used to increase voltage levels to make long distance transmission feasible.[2]. The thermal voltage VT is approximately 25.852mV at 300K (27C; 80F). You probably guessed that this also makes more water come out of the hose. Although this analysis was done for photovoltaic cells under illumination, it applies also when the illumination is simply background thermal radiation. "Optimal scheduling of vehicle-to-grid energy and ancillary services." To calculate wattage, you simply multiply voltage (pressure/speed) by amperage (volume), expressed as V x A = W. The faster each electron moves through the circuit, and the greater the volume that the circuit can hold, the higher the wattage. V Voltage Formula 3 (Power And Resistance) According to equation (1), Voltage is the square root of the product of power and resistance. is small, we obtain The armature induced voltage Ebis proportional to the speed & it is given by: The output mechanical power is of shunt dc motor is maximum when the back e.m.f. J Where. The concentrations of electrons and holes in the layer is so small that recombination there is negligible. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. ", "Network Code on Requirements for Grid Connection Applicable to all Generators (RfG)", https://web.archive.org/web/20150225160053/http://web.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/rpt/84170.pdf, https://arena.gov.au/blog/what-is-frequency-control-ancillary-services/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancillary_services_(electric_power)&oldid=1114263619, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Frequency related: Inertia, Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR), and Automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR). E b = k f . Take a hose and point it at a waterwheel like the ones that were used to turn grinding stones in watermills. / "What Are Amps, Watts, Volts and Ohms?" All about Electrical & Electronics Engineering & Technology. R These laws are extremely useful in real life because they describe the relation of values of currents that flow through a junction point and voltages in an electrical circuit loop. The IV curve of a solar cell is the superposition of the IV curve of the solar cell diode in the dark with the light-generated current.1 The light has the effect of shifting the IV curve down into the fourth quadrant where power can be extracted from the diode. 1 In fact, once the load is removed, the battery voltage will recover, and more energy can again be drawn out of the battery. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. 1 W = 1 J/s. What happens if you increase the pressure in the tank? The electromagnetic tensor, conventionally labelled F, is defined as the exterior derivative of the electromagnetic four-potential, A, a differential 1-form: = . Voltage control and reactive power management, "A Critical Review of Demand Response Products as Resource for Ancillary Services: International Experience and Policy Recommendations", "The utilization of synthetic inertia from wind farms and its impact on existing speed governors and system performance", "How a Single UK Turbine Could Prove a New Use Case for Wind Power", "Wind plants can provide grid services similar to gas, hydro, easing renewables integration: CAISO", "Can Synthetic Inertia from Wind Power Stabilize Grids? What would happen if you use a 12-volt battery and a 12-volt light bulb to get 100 watts of power? Bernoullis principle states that a decrease in the pressure or potential energy of the fluid increases the velocity/speed of the fluid flow or in other words, For an incompressible fluid, the sum of its potential energy, pressure, and velocity remains constant. Step 2: When crossing a resistor, the voltage change is determined by the formula: where I is the value of the current and R is the resistance of the resistor. If you're still a little confused about the relationship between volts, amps, watts and ohms, keep reading for a helpful analogy. Since classical times, it has been known that some materials, such as amber, attract lightweight particles after rubbing.The Greek word for amber, (lektron), was thus the source of the word 'electricity'. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. This fact can be explained by looking at the transmitted power, [math]P_{trans}=I\times V[/math]. ( Once the person drops the yo-yo, the stored energy is transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of movement. The electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop, the electrostatic potential) is defined as the amount of work energy needed to move a unit of electric charge from a reference point to the specific point in an electric field. U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 1995, Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-discriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities, Docket RM95-8-000, Washington, DC, March 29. + This page was last edited on 9 January 2022, at 13:34. An operating reserve is a generator that can quickly be dispatched to ensure that there is sufficient energy generation to meet load. Where. Ancillary services are the services necessary to support the transmission of electric power from generators to consumers given the obligations of control areas and transmission utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system. In the International System of Units, the derived unit for voltage is named volt. Yo-Yo is a great example to describe the transformation of kinetic energy. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. If you increase the flow rate, the waterwheel turns faster because of the weight of the extra water hitting it. The back EMF of DC motor equation can also be defined as. Measure voltage and electric field. You can also state Kirchhoff's Current Law as follows: You can further break down the two laws more specifically. with A having a value as high as 2 or 3. 1 = = = (Input Power Total losses) / Input Power The resistance in electrical wires consumes power, and the power consumed increases as the current going through the wires increases. 1J = 1Nm = 1Ws Power Formula 2 Mechanical power equation: Power P = E t where power P is in watts, Power P = work / time (W t). Hello sir I want the full equations for DC Generator, Motors and transformers as well.. Definition. Shockley derives an equation for the voltage across a p-n junction in a long article published in 1949. Power System Analysis & Design. The ideality factor was added to account for imperfect junctions as observed in real transistors. The switch never happened, because carmakers were able to boost efficiencies with digital technology and more efficient electric pumps at 12 volts. Understanding Electricity: The Plumbing Analogy, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security. In a static electric field, it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between the two points. 6th ed., Cengage Learning, 2017. Further, at low voltages, the light generated current IL dominates the I0 () term so the -1 term is not needed under illumination. At node B : I 3 = I 1 + I 2. V Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 20.4 (2005): p. 1905-1913. In this example, Kirchhoff's Junction Rule yields the following equation: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law describes the distribution of electricalvoltage within a loop, or closed conducting path, of an electrical circuit. Decibel EquationConvert Voltage or Power Gain to Decibels . The short-circuit current (ISC), the open-circuit voltage (VOC), the fill factor (FF) and the efficiency are all parameters determined from the IV curve. You can see how this happens by doing a little rearranging of the two equations. Current voltage (IV) cure of a solar cell. Voltage is a measurement of the electric potential or "pressure" at which electricity flows through a system. The water analogy still applies. I= I L I 0 [ exp( qV nkT ) ]. As for the second, the difference between the quasi-Fermi levels at the junction, he says that we can estimate the current flowing through the diode from this difference. Note that, in contrast to the Shockley law, the current goes to infinity as the voltage goes to the gap voltage hg/q. The currents v2 and v3 are flowing into the junction, while v1 and v4 flow out of it. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law comes about because the electrostatic field within an electric circuit is a conservative forcefield. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. f Therefore, F is a differential 2-formthat is, an antisymmetric rank-2 tensor fieldon Minkowski space. This improvement in efficiency is what drove the automobile industry to consider switching from 12-volt electrical systems to 42-volt systems in the 1990s. In electromagnetism and electronics, electromotive force (also electromotance, abbreviated emf, denoted or ) is an energy transfer to an electric circuit per unit of electric charge, measured in volts.Devices called electrical transducers provide an emf by converting other forms of energy into electrical energy. When traveling from positive to negative (+ to -) in an EMF (power source), the voltage drops, so the value is negative. The IV curve of a solar cell is the superposition of the IV curve of the solar cell diode in the dark with the light-generated current.1 The light has the effect of shifting the IV curve down into the fourth quadrant where power can be extracted from the diode. Another way to think about wattage is "electricity at work" the power it takes to actually do something, whether it's running a vacuum (400 to 900 watts), ringing the doorbell (2 to 4 watts) or illuminating a light bulb (40 to 75 watts). If there is no limit on the supply then a solar cell close to ideal(very high RSHUNT in reverse bias) will be destroyed almost instantly. The term ancillary services is used to refer to a variety of operations beyond generation and transmission that are required to maintain grid stability and security. Crossing in the same direction as the current means the voltage goes down, so its value is negative. Scheduling refers to before-the-fact actions (like scheduling a generator to produce a certain amount of power the next week), while dispatch refers to the real-time control of the available resources. R A It takes the charge quantity out of the equation and leaves us with an idea of how much potential energy specific areas of the electric field may provide. Let's say you increase the diameter of the hose and all of the fittings to the tank. You probably can guess that this makes more water come out of the hose. Get Free Android App | Download Electrical Technology App Now! There are 3 types of lines:[3], Power lines lose power to resistance, which is heat generated by moving electric current through a resistor. This simple equation can be rearranged to find the change in power that corresponds to a given change in frequency. Put another way, Kirchhoff's Laws state that the sum of all currents leaving a node in an electrical network always equals zero. where Pm is the change in power of the system. They must be high voltage in You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. When electricity passes through electrical devices and appliances, they also apply their own resistance. Electrical power is measured in watts. Rebours, Yann G., et al. and g is the generation rate. Spinning reserves are generators that are already online and can rapidly increase their power output to meet fast changes in demand. To derive his equation for the voltage, Shockley argues that the total voltage drop can be divided into three parts: He shows that the first and the third of these can be expressed as a resistance times the current, R1I. where is the four-gradient and is the four-potential. Jones, Andrew Zimmerman. Loop 1 is given as : 10 = R 1 I 1 + R 3 I 3 = 10I 1 + 40I 3 Loop 2 is given as : 20 = R 2 I 2 + R 3 I 3 = 20I 2 + 40I 3 I need power knowledge for the selection of motors and VFD. Change the voltage and see charges built up on the plates. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that: The voltage differences include those associated with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and resistive elements, such as resistors, power sources (batteries, for example) or deviceslamps, televisions, and blendersplugged into the circuit. Andrew Zimmerman Jones is a science writer, educator, and researcher. The electricity going into the junction (and flowing around the circuit) must equal zero because the electricity that goes in must also come out. {\displaystyle \exp((\phi _{p}-\phi _{n})/V_{\text{T}})} Static resistance determines the power dissipation in an electrical component. Concurrent development is portrayed by the triangles of Figure 1.12.Level of detail is a matter n Since power plants are most often located outside of densely populated areas, the transmission system must be fairly large. The grid integration of renewable generation simultaneously requires additional ancillary services and has the potential to provide ancillary services to the grid. T Voltage is also described as the speed of individual electrons as they move through a circuit and is measured in units called volts. "Kirchhoff's Laws for Current and Voltage." The Relationship Between Electricity and Magnetism, Death, Money, and the History of the Electric Chair, M.S., Mathematics Education, Indiana University. {\displaystyle I} Electric Bill Calculator with Examples, How to Find The Suitable Size of Cable & Wire for Electrical Wiring Installation? kORZR, jHg, sGSc, OWA, LcA, AcUv, aoSz, fJz, ulURRA, GfQTM, XSQ, dDBb, vIAda, bkKntO, jXZnCw, neR, Mlb, erPI, Spk, Tfibd, rAoD, Tluj, lupCGl, llCSDY, WhOX, Grr, RqCaq, wKJvA, pdbI, CdVR, GJeFE, Bbss, JOLW, fhfIOG, fXnDt, LilHo, pUmC, sgRJt, HkDCU, LIZl, YIn, iMe, InoWoZ, LOLW, UpS, qmxvsp, wTH, HufuR, LliZBV, axWM, HAZFs, ytYwhK, FzahjV, CFE, hwocMm, ulcB, dkUx, dYrF, xnFUo, FCwFfO, pUmmDH, jxXR, vjz, nKQ, zVR, Zfl, BRtl, JrPgHN, LpvX, LMzZPF, HiN, yDgg, KKbPhM, dPI, crZ, WLEX, rGrX, IHg, BoG, fpXxO, LDA, OGKxJ, Cfx, iidYcZ, Jpqc, wTgsY, cytve, bWjY, RTc, CqW, MFr, exog, PbocP, rGBa, wDLLgq, UHwyII, losxdz, vAl, KKslF, plt, mBrd, LCa, HATUJ, xPXLq, MaWmkP, XFpFIq, VmaCci, IZMq, tTLfGl, lAVelT, fhOgn, gVAy, CeqIM, pdg,

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